{"id":5408,"date":"2022-01-25T16:16:11","date_gmt":"2022-01-25T15:16:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.christian-doppler.net\/?post_type=thema&p=5408"},"modified":"2022-01-25T16:16:11","modified_gmt":"2022-01-25T15:16:11","slug":"technika","status":"publish","type":"thema","link":"https:\/\/www.christian-doppler.net\/cs\/thema\/technika\/","title":{"rendered":"Technika"},"content":{"rendered":"

M\u011b\u0159en\u00ed rychlosti proud\u011bn\u00ed Dopplerov\u00fdm jevem<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Plyny proud\u00edc\u00ed v potrub\u00ed obsahuj\u00ed t\u00e9\u017e mal\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dky jin\u00fdch l\u00e1tek. P\u0159es st\u011bnu potrub\u00ed se vy\u0161le ultrazvuk. Ozvy pohybuj\u00edc\u00edch se \u010d\u00e1stic pak vykazuj\u00ed pozm\u011bn\u011bnou frekvenci a z posunu frekvence lze vypo\u010d\u00edst rychlost \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dek.<\/p>\n

T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem je mo\u017en\u00e9 zkoumat proud\u011bn\u00ed i ve velmi \u00fazk\u00e9m potrub\u00ed \u010di p\u0159i nadzvukov\u00e9 rychlosti. Lze tak nap\u0159\u00edklad m\u011b\u0159it tak\u00e9 proud\u011bn\u00ed ve spalovac\u00edch motorech a n\u00e1sledn\u011b zlep\u0161it jejich spalov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Navigace a GPS: mo\u017enosti na b\u00e1zi Dopplerova efektu <\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u201eNavigational Satellite Timing and Ranging \u2013 Global Positioning System\u201c (zkratka GPS) je forma naviga\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu vyv\u00edjen\u00e9ho od 70. let 20. stolet\u00ed, kter\u00fd vypo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1v\u00e1 polohu a nadmo\u0159skou v\u00fd\u0161ku p\u0159ij\u00edma\u010de z \u00fadaj\u016f n\u011bkolika dru\u017eic. Jeliko\u017e se satelity pohybuj\u00ed kolem Zem\u011b, funguje navigace, resp. GPS podle Dopplerova jevu: Elektronick\u00e9 vlny m\u011bn\u00ed svou d\u00e9lku, proto lze ur\u010dit vzd\u00e1lenost k dru\u017eic\u00edm. A z t\u011bchto dat vypo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1v\u00e1 navigace a GPS polohu p\u0159ij\u00edma\u010de.<\/p>\n

Jestli\u017ee je navigace, GPS nebo mobiln\u00ed telefon v aktivn\u00edm re\u017eimu, m\u016f\u017eeme zjistit polohu p\u0159\u00edstroje. Tuto funkci lze v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem vyu\u017e\u00edt krom\u011b jin\u00e9ho t\u0159eba i v r\u00e1mci policejn\u00edho vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed nebo p\u0159i hled\u00e1n\u00ed poh\u0159e\u0161ovan\u00fdch.<\/p>\n

Radar a sonar s vyu\u017eit\u00edm Dopplerova jevu<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Radar (RAdio Detecting And Ranging = detekce a m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed vys\u00edla\u010dem) vynalezl Heinrich Hertz, kdy\u017e roku 1886 zjistil, \u017ee kovov\u00e9 p\u0159edm\u011bty odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed elektromagnetick\u00e9 vlny. Ov\u0161em a\u017e koncem 30. let 20. stolet\u00ed byl radar natolik zdokonalen, \u017ee bylo s jeho pomoc\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 zachytit nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e1 letadla, panc\u00e9\u0159ovan\u00e1 vozidla nebo lod\u011b na otev\u0159en\u00e9m mo\u0159i na vzd\u00e1lenost a\u017e 40 km. U mnoha \u0159idi\u010d\u016f nep\u0159\u00edli\u0161 obl\u00edben\u00fd dopravn\u00ed radar, kter\u00fd se vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed rychlosti vozidel v silni\u010dn\u00edm provozu, oslavil svou premi\u00e9ru v roce 1956.<\/p>\n

S vyu\u017eit\u00edm Dopplerova jevu vys\u00edl\u00e1 radar elektromagnetick\u00e9 vlny, kter\u00e9 odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fd objekt. P\u0159\u00edstroj okam\u017eit\u011b zjist\u00ed, zda jsou vlny zhu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 nebo naopak rozta\u017een\u00e9. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 vypo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1, jakou rychlost\u00ed se objekt pohybuje. Radar zam\u011b\u0159uje nejen h\u0159\u00ed\u0161n\u00edky p\u0159ekra\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed povolenou rychlost v dan\u00e9m \u00faseku, n\u00fdbr\u017e m\u016f\u017ee \u0159\u00eddit i dopravu na z\u00fa\u017een\u00fdch m\u00edstech, stavb\u00e1ch \u010di k\u0159i\u017eovatk\u00e1ch. Zaznamenan\u00e9 \u00fadaje zas\u00edl\u00e1 do centr\u00e1ln\u00edho po\u010d\u00edta\u010de, kter\u00fd z nich stanov\u00ed tempo, je\u017e je v dan\u00e9 situaci vhodn\u00e9 pro plynulost provozu. Podle toho se odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed rychlost zobraz\u00ed na digit\u00e1ln\u00edch dopravn\u00edch zna\u010dk\u00e1ch nebo se podle toho st\u0159\u00eddaj\u00ed f\u00e1ze sv\u011bteln\u00fdch semafor\u016f.<\/p>\n

Sonar, dal\u0161\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed Doppler\u016fv jev, vys\u00edl\u00e1 zvukov\u00e9 vlny, kter\u00e9 se vodou \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed \u010dty\u0159n\u00e1sobn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed rychlost\u00ed ne\u017e vzduchem (tj. asi 1480 m\/s). Jestli\u017ee zvukov\u00e9 vlny naraz\u00ed na objekt, jsou odra\u017eeny a sonar stanov\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenost a pohyb objektu.<\/p>\n

Delf\u00edni jsou od p\u0159\u00edrody vybaven\u00ed \u201eecholotem\u201c, jen\u017e jim v\u00fdrazn\u011b usnad\u0148uje lov. Podobn\u011b jako netop\u00fd\u0159i vyd\u00e1vaj\u00ed i delf\u00edni zvuky. Zvukov\u00e9 vlny odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed t\u011bla loven\u00fdch zv\u00ed\u0159at, \u010d\u00edm\u017e dravci rozpoznaj\u00ed jejich polohu.<\/p>\n

P\u0159edpov\u011b\u010f po\u010das\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm Dopplerova jevu<\/strong><\/h2>\n

P\u0159edpov\u011b\u010f po\u010das\u00ed bez meteoradaru, a t\u00edm p\u00e1dem tak\u00e9 bez Dopplerova jevu, by nebyla mo\u017en\u00e1: V mrac\u00edch se shroma\u017e\u010fuj\u00ed kapky vody nebo ledov\u00e9 kroupy, kter\u00e9 odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed elektromagnetick\u00e9 vlny. A jeliko\u017e se mraky pohybuj\u00ed, lze pomoc\u00ed meteoradaru ur\u010dit jejich polohu, rychlost i sm\u011br jejich pohybu. Vyhodnocen\u00ed t\u011bchto dat pak umo\u017en\u00ed sestavit p\u0159edpov\u011b\u010f po\u010das\u00ed (nejl\u00e9pe v podmi\u0148ovac\u00edm zp\u016fsobu), abychom v\u011bd\u011bli, kde, kdy a v jak\u00e9 intenzit\u011b bychom m\u011bli po\u010d\u00edtat s de\u0161t\u011bm nebo krupobit\u00edm \u2013 ov\u0161em mimo p\u0159\u00edpad, kdy\u017e v\u00edtr za\u010dne neo\u010dek\u00e1van\u011b vanout jin\u00fdm sm\u011brem.<\/p>\n

Doppler\u016fv jev se vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 tak\u00e9 u georadar\u016f: Pohybuj\u00edc\u00ed se vys\u00edla\u010d m\u011bn\u00ed vlnovou d\u00e9lku vys\u00edlan\u00e9ho sign\u00e1lu a odezva zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9ho p\u0159edm\u011btu zprost\u0159edkuje jeho d\u00e9lku a vzd\u00e1lenost. T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem bylo nap\u0159\u00edklad po 70 letech po sv\u00e9m z\u0159\u00edcen\u00ed nalezeno letadlo v gr\u00f3nsk\u00e9m ledovci v hloubce 75 m, v Patagonii byl objeven dinosaurus a na Sibi\u0159i mamut.<\/p>\n

M\u011b\u0159en\u00ed Zem\u011b s vyu\u017eit\u00edm Dopplerova jevu<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Jedn\u00edm z \u00fakol\u016f geod\u00e9zie (= praktick\u00e1 geometrie) je zachycen\u00ed rozli\u010dn\u00fdch forem zemsk\u00e9ho povrchu, co\u017e je zn\u00e1zor\u0148ov\u00e1no na map\u00e1ch r\u016fzn\u00fdmi barvami nap\u0159. jako n\u00ed\u017eina nebo poho\u0159\u00ed. Podrobn\u011b a stejn\u011b p\u0159esn\u011b m\u011b\u0159\u00ed povrch Zem\u011b od 60. let 20. stolet\u00ed takzvan\u00e9 Dopplerovy satelity. Do roku 1996 byl vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd syst\u00e9m TRANSIT a od roku 1990 syst\u00e9m DORIS. Um\u011bl\u00e9 dru\u017eice t\u011bchto syst\u00e9m\u016f krou\u017e\u00ed kolem Zem\u011b pod\u00e9l zem\u011bpisn\u00fdch d\u00e9lek (pol\u00e1rn\u00ed dr\u00e1ha) a sn\u00edmaj\u00ed jej\u00ed povrch podobn\u011b jako radar. Jeliko\u017e se v porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s \u201enehybnou\u201c Zem\u00ed pohybuj\u00ed velmi rychle, lze i zde uplatnit Doppler\u016fv jev. Syst\u00e9mu DORIS (Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite) neujde tak\u0159ka nic, proto\u017ee ob\u011b\u017en\u00e9 dr\u00e1hy jednotliv\u00fdch dru\u017eic vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed kolem Zem\u011b ur\u010ditou s\u00ed\u0165, v n\u00ed\u017e se Zem\u011b ot\u00e1\u010d\u00ed kolem sv\u00e9 osy.<\/p>\n

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M\u011b\u0159en\u00ed rychlosti proud\u011bn\u00ed Dopplerov\u00fdm jevem Plyny proud\u00edc\u00ed v potrub\u00ed obsahuj\u00ed t\u00e9\u017e mal\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dky jin\u00fdch l\u00e1tek. P\u0159es st\u011bnu potrub\u00ed se vy\u0161le ultrazvuk. Ozvy pohybuj\u00edc\u00edch se \u010d\u00e1stic pak vykazuj\u00ed pozm\u011bn\u011bnou frekvenci a z posunu frekvence lze vypo\u010d\u00edst rychlost \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dek. T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem je mo\u017en\u00e9 zkoumat proud\u011bn\u00ed i ve velmi \u00fazk\u00e9m potrub\u00ed \u010di p\u0159i nadzvukov\u00e9 rychlosti. Lze tak nap\u0159\u00edklad m\u011b\u0159it tak\u00e9 proud\u011bn\u00ed ve spalovac\u00edch motorech a n\u00e1sledn\u011b zlep\u0161it jejich spalov\u00e1n\u00ed. Navigace a GPS: mo\u017enosti na b\u00e1zi Dopplerova efektu \u201eNavigational Satellite Timing and Ranging \u2013 Global Positioning System\u201c (zkratka GPS) je forma naviga\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu vyv\u00edjen\u00e9ho od 70. let 20. stolet\u00ed, kter\u00fd vypo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1v\u00e1 polohu a nadmo\u0159skou…<\/p>\n","category_list_v2":"","author_info_v2":{"name":"Technik Admin","url":"https:\/\/www.christian-doppler.net\/cs\/author\/wp_admin\/"},"comments_num_v2":"0 comments","featured_img":"https:\/\/www.christian-doppler.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/vehicle-193213_1920.jpg","coauthors":[],"author_meta":{"author_link":"https:\/\/www.christian-doppler.net\/cs\/author\/wp_admin\/","display_name":"Technik Admin"},"relative_dates":{"created":"Publikov\u00e1no 4 roky p\u0159ed","modified":"Aktualizov\u00e1no 4 roky p\u0159ed"},"absolute_dates":{"created":"Publikov\u00e1no 25. 1. 2022","modified":"Aktualizov\u00e1no 25. 1. 2022"},"absolute_dates_time":{"created":"Publikov\u00e1no 25. 1. 2022 16:16","modified":"Aktualizov\u00e1no 25. 1. 2022 16:16"},"featured_img_caption":"","tax_additional":{"translation_priority":{"linked":[],"unlinked":[],"slug":"translation_priority","name":"Translation Priorities"}},"series_order":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.christian-doppler.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/thema\/5408","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.christian-doppler.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/thema"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.christian-doppler.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/thema"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.christian-doppler.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3715"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.christian-doppler.net\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5408"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}