{"id":5392,"date":"2022-01-25T11:40:07","date_gmt":"2022-01-25T10:40:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.christian-doppler.net\/?page_id=5392"},"modified":"2024-05-15T14:38:46","modified_gmt":"2024-05-15T12:38:46","slug":"doppleruv-jev-a-jeho-nositele-nobelovy-ceny","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.christian-doppler.net\/cs\/doppleruv-jev-a-jeho-nositele-nobelovy-ceny\/","title":{"rendered":"DOPPLER\u016eV JEV A NOSITEL\u00c9 NOBELOVY CENY"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u0160v\u00e9dsk\u00fd vyn\u00e1lezce a chemik Alfred Nobel (1833\u20131896) nashrom\u00e1\u017edil rychle velk\u00e9 bohatstv\u00ed d\u00edky tomu, \u017ee vynalezl dynamit, kter\u00fd nechal patentovat roku 1867. Ve sv\u00e9 z\u00e1v\u011bti stanovil, \u017ee jeho majetek m\u00e1 \u201etvo\u0159it fond a \u017ee z n\u011bj plynouc\u00ed \u00faroky budou ud\u011blov\u00e1ny jako zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed cena (Nobelova cena od roku 1901) t\u011bm, kte\u0159\u00ed v uplynul\u00e9m roce p\u0159inesli lidstvu nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed prosp\u011bch\u201c, a sice rozd\u011blen\u00edm \u00farok\u016f na stejn\u00e9 d\u00edly pro v\u0161echny ocen\u011bn\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed byli \u010dinn\u00ed v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch p\u011bti oblastech: fyzika, chemie, filozofie nebo l\u00e9ka\u0159stv\u00ed, literatura a m\u00edr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tehdy se z\u0159ejm\u011b je\u0161t\u011b nep\u0159edpokl\u00e1dalo, jak dalece ovlivn\u00ed Doppler\u016fv objev v\u00fdvoj pr\u00e1v\u011b t\u011bchto p\u011bti oblast\u00ed: Do dne\u0161n\u00ed doby bylo ud\u011bleno 24 Nobelov\u00fdch cen v\u011bdc\u016fm, kte\u0159\u00ed sv\u00e9 poznatky odvodili jedin\u011b z podstaty Dopplerova jevu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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2020<\/p><\/div><\/div>

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V\u00fdzkum v oblasti \u010dern\u00fdch d\u011br a objev supermasivn\u00edho kompaktn\u00edho objektu v centru na\u0161\u00ed galaxie<\/h3>\n\n\n\n


Roger Penrose<\/a> (* 1931, Velk\u00e1 Brit\u00e1nie)
<\/strong>Od\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed ud\u011blen\u00ed ceny: \u201eza objev, \u017ee je vznik \u010dern\u00fdch d\u011br predikc\u00ed v\u0161eobecn\u00e9 teorie relativity\u201c<\/em>

Andrea Ghez<\/a> (* 1965, USA) und Reinhard Genzel<\/a> (* 1952, N\u011bmecko)
<\/strong>Od\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed ud\u011blen\u00ed ceny: \u201eza objev supermasivn\u00edho kompaktn\u00edho objektu v centru na\u0161\u00ed galaxie\u201c<\/em>

https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/prizes\/physics\/2020\/advanced-information\/<\/a>
https:\/\/www.christian-doppler.net\/cs\/thema\/astronomie\/<\/a>

Foto (Penrose): Wikipedia\/Wikimedia Commons<\/a> CC BY 3.0<\/a> Link<\/a>
Foto (Ghez): zimbio.com, Link<\/a>
Foto (Genzel): Wikipedia\/Wikimedia Commons (cc-b<\/a>CC BY 3.0<\/a>), Link<\/a><\/small><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

2019<\/p><\/div><\/div>

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Objev prvn\u00ed exoplanety a pr\u016flomov\u00e9 poznatky v kosmologii<\/h3>\n\n\n\n


Michel Mayor<\/a> (* 1942, \u0160v\u00fdcarsko), Didier Queloz<\/a> (* 1966, \u0160v\u00fdcarsko)<\/strong>
Od\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed ud\u011blen\u00ed ceny: \u201eza objev extrasol\u00e1rn\u00ed planety<\/a> ob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed hv\u011bzdu podobaj\u00edc\u00ed se Slunci\u201c<\/em>

Foto (vlevo): European Southern Observatory, Wikipedia\/Wikimedia Commons (cc-by-sa-2.0<\/a>), CC BY-SA 2.0<\/a>, Link<\/a><\/small>
Foto (vpravo): M.McCaughrean (ESA)\/ESO, Wikipedia\/Wikimedia Commons (cc-by-sa-4.0<\/a>), CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a>, Link<\/a><\/small><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

2011<\/p><\/div><\/div>

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Objev zrychluj\u00edc\u00edho se rozp\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed vesm\u00edru pozorov\u00e1n\u00edm vzd\u00e1len\u00fdch supernov<\/h3>\n\n\n\n


Saul Perlmutter<\/a> (* 1959, USA), Brian P. Schmidt<\/a> (* 1967, USA) a Adam Riess<\/a> (* 1969, USA)<\/strong>
Od\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed ud\u011blen\u00ed ceny: \u201eza objev zrychluj\u00edc\u00edho se rozp\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed vesm\u00edru<\/a> pozorov\u00e1n\u00edm vzd\u00e1len\u00fdch supernov<\/a>\u201c<\/em>

Foto: Saul Perlmutter von Holger Motzkau, Wikipedia\/Wikimedia Commons (cc-by-sa-3.0<\/a>), CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>, Link<\/a><\/small>
Foto: Brian P. Schmidt von Tim Wetherell \u2013 photo taken by Tim Wetherell, CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>, Link<\/a><\/small>
Foto: Adam Riess von Holger Motzkau, Wikipedia\/Wikimedia Commons (cc-by-sa-3.0<\/a>), CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>, Link<\/a><\/small><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

2006<\/p><\/div><\/div>

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V\u00fdzkum reliktn\u00edho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n


John Cromwell Mather<\/a> (* 1946, USA) a George Smoot<\/a> (* 1945, USA)<\/strong>
Od\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed ud\u011blen\u00ed ceny: \u201eza v\u00fdzkum v oblasti kosmick\u00e9ho mikrovlnn\u00e9ho pozad\u00ed<\/a>\u201c<\/em>

Foto: George Smoot, Nomo<\/a> michael hoefner http:\/\/www.zwo5.de<\/a> \u2013 vlastn\u00ed d\u00edlo, CC BY 3.0<\/a>, Link<\/a><\/small><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

2005<\/p><\/div><\/div>

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P\u0159\u00ednos v oblasti extr\u00e9mn\u011b p\u0159esn\u00e9 spektroskopie na b\u00e1zi laseru v\u010detn\u011b formy tzv. optick\u00fdch frekven\u010dn\u00edch h\u0159eben\u016f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n


John Lewis Hall<\/a> (* 1934, USA) a Theodor H\u00e4nsch<\/a> (* 1941, N\u011bmecko)<\/strong>
Od\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed ud\u011blen\u00ed ceny: \u201eza p\u0159\u00ednos v oblasti v\u00fdvoje extr\u00e9mn\u011b p\u0159esn\u00e9 spektroskopie na b\u00e1zi laseru v\u010detn\u011b formy optick\u00fdch frekven\u010dn\u00edch h\u0159eben\u016f\u201c<\/em>

Foto: Theodor H\u00e4nsch | Autorstv\u00ed nebylo uvedeno ve strojov\u011b \u010diteln\u00e9 podob\u011b. Za autora je pova\u017eov\u00e1n Blinking Spirit<\/a> (na z\u00e1klad\u011b \u00fadaj\u016f vlastn\u00edka pr\u00e1v). \u2013 Autorstv\u00ed nebylo uvedeno ve strojov\u011b \u010diteln\u00e9 podob\u011b. Lze vych\u00e1zet z toho, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o vlastn\u00ed d\u00edlo (na z\u00e1klad\u011b \u00fadaj\u016f vlastn\u00edka pr\u00e1v)., CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>, Link<\/a><\/small><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

2001<\/p><\/div><\/div>

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Vyroben\u00ed Boseho-Einsteinova kondenz\u00e1tu v \u0159ed\u011bn\u00fdch plynech z alkalick\u00fdch atom\u016f a ran\u00e9 z\u00e1kladn\u00ed studie o vlastnostech kondenz\u00e1t\u016f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n


Eric Allin Cornell<\/a> (* 1961, USA), Wolfgang Ketterle<\/a> (* 1957, N\u011bmecko) und Carl Edwin Wieman<\/a> (* 1951, N\u011bmecko)<\/strong>
Od\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed ud\u011blen\u00ed ceny: \u201eza vyroben\u00ed Boseho-Einsteinova kondenz\u00e1tu<\/a> v \u0159ed\u011bn\u00fdch plynech z alkalick\u00fdch atom\u016f<\/a> a za ran\u00e9 z\u00e1kladn\u00ed studie o vlastnostech kondenz\u00e1t\u016f\u201c<\/em>

Foto: Eric Allin Cornell, Betsythedevine<\/a> \u2013 Vlastn\u00ed d\u00edlo, CC-BY-SA 4.0<\/a>, Link<\/a><\/small>
Foto: Wolfgang Ketterle, Kzirkel<\/a> \u2013 Vlastn\u00ed d\u00edlo, CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>, Link<\/a><\/small><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

1997<\/p><\/div><\/div>

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V\u00fdzkum v oblasti ochlazov\u00e1n\u00ed a zachyt\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed atom\u016f pomoc\u00ed laserov\u00fdch svazk\u016f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n


Steven Chu<\/a> (* 1948, USA), Claude Cohen-Tannoudji<\/a> (* 1933, Francie \u2013 nar. v Al\u017e\u00edrsku) a William Daniel Phillips<\/a> (* 1948, USA)
<\/strong>
Od\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed ud\u011blen\u00ed ceny: \u201eza jejich v\u00fdzkum v oblasti ochlazov\u00e1n\u00ed a zachyt\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed atom\u016f pomoc\u00ed laserov\u00fdch svazk\u016f<\/a>\u201c<\/em>

Foto: Claude Cohen-Tannoudji (2007),  Amir Bernat<\/a> \u2013 I phtographed.,  GFDL<\/a>, Link<\/a><\/small><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

1989<\/p><\/div><\/div>

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V\u00fdvoj metody iontov\u00e9 pasti<\/h3>\n\n\n\n


Wolfgang Paul<\/a> (1913\u20131993, N\u011bmecko) a Hans Georg Dehmelt<\/a><\/strong> (1922 \u2013 2017, USA \u2013 nar. v N\u011bmecku)<\/strong>
Od\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed ud\u011blen\u00ed ceny: \u201eza v\u00fdvoj metody iontov\u00e9 pasti\u201c<\/em>
 <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

1981<\/p><\/div><\/div>

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P\u0159\u00ednos pro v\u00fdvoj laserov\u00e9 spektroskopie<\/h3>\n\n\n\n


Nicolaas Bloembergen<\/a> (* 1920, USA \u2013 nar. v Nizozemsku) a Arthur Leonard Schawlow<\/a> (1920\u20131999, USA)
<\/strong>Od\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed ud\u011blen\u00ed ceny: \u201eza jejich p\u0159\u00ednos pro v\u00fdvoj laserov\u00e9 spektroskopie\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

1961<\/p><\/div><\/div>

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Zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed absorpce jadern\u00e9 rezonance u z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed gama \u2013 M\u00f6ssbauer\u016fv jev<\/h3>\n\n\n\n


Rudolf L. M\u00f6\u00dfbauer<\/a> (1929\u20132011, N\u011bmecko)<\/strong>
Od\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed ud\u011blen\u00ed ceny: \u201eza v\u00fdzkum rezonan\u010dn\u00ed absorpce<\/u> gama z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed<\/u><\/a> a jeho s\u00a0t\u00edmto spojen\u00fd objev, kter\u00fd nese ozna\u010den\u00ed M\u00f6ssbauer\u016fv jev<\/u><\/a>\u201c<\/em>

Rod\u00e1k z Mnichova \u2013 ve sv\u00fdch 32 letech tehdy nejmlad\u0161\u00ed nositel Nobelovy ceny \u2013 objevil krom\u011b jin\u00e9ho n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed fenom\u00e9n: Je-li j\u00e1dro atomu \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed krystalu, chov\u00e1 se absorp\u010dn\u011b jinak, ne\u017e je-li ve voln\u00e9m stavu, a j\u00e1dro vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed p\u0159i zohledn\u011bn\u00ed posunu frekvence podle Dopplera jinou spektr\u00e1ln\u00ed linii.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

1919<\/p><\/div><\/div>

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Prok\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed Dopplerova jevu v kan\u00e1lov\u00fdch paprsc\u00edch a \u0161t\u011bpen\u00ed spektr\u00e1ln\u00edch \u010dar v elektrick\u00e9m poli<\/h3>\n\n\n\n


Johannes Stark<\/a> (1874\u20131957, N\u011bmecko)<\/strong>
Od\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed ud\u011blen\u00ed ceny: \u201eza objev\u00a0Dopplerova jevu<\/a> v kan\u00e1lov\u00fdch paprsc\u00edch<\/a> a \u0161t\u011bpen\u00ed spektr\u00e1ln\u00edch \u010dar<\/a> v\u00a0elektrick\u00e9m poli (Stark\u016fv jev<\/a>)
<\/em>
Tento n\u011bmeck\u00fd fyzik objevil optick\u00fd Doppler\u016fv jev v\u00a0kan\u00e1lov\u00fdch paprsc\u00edch ji\u017e roku 1905: Starkovi se poda\u0159ilo experiment\u00e1ln\u011b prok\u00e1zat Dopplerovu hypot\u00e9zu, \u017ee pohyb zdroje sv\u011btla ovliv\u0148uje vyza\u0159ovanou frekvenci.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n